ELECTRICITY-GENERATING
LIQUID COATINGS
& PROCESSES
Transparent, Ultra-Lightweight
Works In Natural & Artificial Light
Self-Charging On Glass, Flexible Plastics, & Films
ELECTRICITY GENERATING
LIQUID COATINGS
Transparent, Ultra-Lightweight
Works In Natural & Artificial Light
Self-Charging On Glass, Flexible Plastics, & Films
Transform Ordinary Surfaces into
Electricity Generating Products
with Our Proprietary LiquidElectricity® Coatings and Application Systems
ARCHITECTURAL
AGRIVOLTAIC
AEROSPACE & DEFENSE
TRANSPORTATION
APPLY TO GLASS, FLEXIBLE PLASTICS, & FILMS
Select Your : Power, Color, Transparency
TUNE FOR POWER, COLOR & TRANSPARENCY
Tune for power output by managing color and
transparency. Match to existing or planned
color palettes. Deep blue colors generate the
greatest power output.
TUNE FOR POWER, COLOR & TRANSPARENCY
Tune for power output by managing color and transparency.
Match to existing or planned color palettes.
Deep blue colors generate the greatest power output.
ELECTRIFY
GLASS, PLASTICS & FILMS AT SCALE
Solution processable and coating process agnostic.
Roll-to-Roll and Sheet-to-Sheet high throughput manufacturing.
Proprietary processes for LiquidElectricity® coating applications.
ELECTRIFY
GLASS, PLASTICS & FILMS AT SCALE
Solution processable and coating process agnostic.
Roll-to-Roll and Sheet-to-Sheet high throughput manufacturing.
Proprietary processes for LiquidElectricity® coating applications.
WATCH OUR ELECTRICITY-GENERATING COATINGS COME TO LIFE
WATCH OUR ELECTRICITY-GENERATING COATINGS COME TO LIFE
1. LIGHT ENERGY IS COLLECTED
Light energy activates coatings.
2. LIQUID ELECTRICITY COMES TO LIFE
Light activated coatings excite electrons.
3. ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED
The flow of electrons is electricity.
STACKING LAYERS FOR POWER
Cathode (-)
Metal layer that conducts the negatively charged electron
Electron Transport Layer
Coating that attracts the electron of the exciton
Active Layer
Solar-activated layer that generates the exciton (electron and hole)
Hole Transport Layer
Coatings that attract and direct the hole to the anode layer
Anode (+)
Conductive layer that transports the positively charged hole
Scribe Lines
Segment power producing cells to build voltage or current
Cathode (-)
Metal layer that conducts the negatively charged electron
Electron Transport Layer
Coating that attracts the electron of the exciton
Active Layer
Solar-activated layer that generates the exciton (electron and hole)
Hole Transport Layer
Coatings that attract and direct the hole to the anode layer
Anode (+)
Conductive layer that transports the positively charged hole
Scribe Lines
Segment power producing cells to build voltage or current
Our LiquidElectricity® (coatings and application processes) generates electricity on glass, flexible plastics, and films.
First, LiquidElectricity® is customized for color and transparency based on the specific application, and then applied in layers to a substrate (glass, plastic, or film).
Next, light hits LiquidElectricity®, generating holes (+) which are positively charged, and electrons which are negatively charged (-).
Holes (+) and electrons (-) are attracted to the hole/electron transport layers, where they migrate through to the conductive layers known as ‘anode’ and ’cathode’.
Holes (+) move to the anode and electrons (-) move to the cathode.
Positive and negative charges are directed to their respective conductors, and an electrical circuit is generated, resulting in the flow of electricity.
DIVING INTO ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS
When Light Hits LiquidElectricity®, Electrons Move, Leaving Holes
Electrons are donated to the acceptor layer, which has a deeper HOMO and LUMO effect.
The resulting holes will remain on the donor side with a positive charge.
Light Moves Electrons
Light must be equal-to or greater-than the material bandgap (Eg) to allow an electron to move.
Electricity Production
In organic photovoltaics (OPV) two layers create a material boundary, the Acceptor Layer and the Donor Layer.
The material in each layer has its own specific level of electrical potential. The difference between each material’s electrical potential stimulates the movement of electrons (exciton dissociation by thermal energy). This movement of electrons generates electricity.
The total 'power' of this electricity is determined by the efficiency of the materials used in the Acceptor and Donor Layers.
To enhance efficiency, the specialty materials in both the Acceptor Layer and Donor Layer are engineered based on levels of their Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) and Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO). These levels help optimize the amount of electricity generated by LiquidElectricity®.
Bandgap is the difference in energy of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO).
OVER 90 PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS GRANTED & IN-PROCESS
OVER 90 PATENTS AND TRADEMARKS GRANTED & IN-PROCESS
FLEXIBLE & ULTRA-THIN
Solution processable OPV.
1/100th the thickness of a human hair.
GLASS, FLEXIBLE PLASTICS, & FILM
Adaptable to aerospace, transportation, architectural, and
agrivoltaic applications.
EARTH ABUNDANT RAW MATERIALS
Organic and inorganic raw materials.
MINIMAL CARBON FOOTPRINT
No toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, selenium.
HIGH THROUGHPUT MANUFACTURING
Suitable for high throughput manufacturing using (R2R) printing or sheet (S2S) processing.
Inline printing and coating methods enable a high technical yield of fully R2R processed flexible solar cell films.
A complete process: R2R inline flexographic machine; printing, drying, patterning, tension, zones.
HIGH DEFECT TOLERANCE
R2R testing; lamination; cutting; interconnections.
VIDEO : LIVE ELECTRICITY-GENERATING COATINGS TESTS
Raw Audio/Video Footage
Live Bench Testing
SolarWindow® electricity-generating glass.
Power & light source conditions testing.
Performance under simulated indoor and outdoor light (spectrum specific).
SolarWindow® Engineer at Remote Facilities During COVID-19 Travel Restrictions
SOLARWINDOW® : PERFORMANCE OF LIQUIDELECTRICITY®
The information summarized in this table is based on a literary review of published information that may include abstracts, research articles, thesis, conference proceedings, academic literature, etc.
This information should be read with the understanding that technology and product development evolves rapidly and the information presented may not be accurate at the time of reading.
SOLARWINDOW® : PERFORMANCE OF LIQUIDELECTRICITY®
The information summarized in this table is based on a literary review of published information that may include abstracts, research articles, thesis, conference proceedings, academic literature, etc.
This information should be read with the understanding that technology and product development evolves rapidly and the information presented may not be accurate at the time of reading.
What makes our LiquidElectricity® so good?
Earth-abundant raw materials, ideal for high throughput production.
SolarWindow® products are created by applying ultra-thin layers of LiquidElectricity® coatings on to glass and flexible plastics to form small solar cells. When grouped, these cells are called “strings” or “arrays”, and their arrangement in our final product is generically referred to as an “organic photovoltaic” (OPV) solar array.
Importantly, our LiquidElectricity® is primarily made of earth abundant materials that do not contain toxic metals like Lead, Cadmium, Selenium, or Chromium.
What makes our LiquidElectricity® so powerful?
We use organic materials (polymers) which are dissolved into liquid form. We apply these liquids to surfaces such as flexible plastics and glass to produce see-through products which generate electricity.
Here’s how our approach works:
Applying our LiquidElectricity® coatings onto glass surfaces makes our technology ideally suited for high speed roll-to-roll and sheet-to-sheet manufacturing. High-speed manufacturing techniques typically result in lower production costs.
Our LiquidElectricity® coatings are able to be produced in a color wheel of architecturally-aesthetic varieties while remaining see-through. Conventional solar PV modules are not produced this way.
The result?
When applied to glass, our LiquidElectricity® coatings appear with a pleasant neutral color and tint. They are aesthetically appealing and not disruptive to the eye, seemingly passive. SolarWindow® products capture energy from the sun and other light sources while generating valuable electricity.
But, how does this compare to today’s solar?
In comparison to conventional crystalline and thin-film PV (Conventional Solar PV) technologies, our LiquidElectricity® coatings have numerous advantages:
- Designed to generate electricity on glass, enhancing the performance of today’s typically insulated commercial and residential windows. (Conventional Solar PV).
- See-through, with high level of ‘visible light transmission.’ Conventional solar PV is not see-through.
- Able to generate significant electricity from natural, artificial or even in shaded low light conditions. Conventional Solar PV does not work in artificial, shaded, or low light.
Other flexible thin film solar materials such as Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), or Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), requires expensive high-vacuum and high-temperature processing equipment, are thick, and typically impossible to see through when compared to SolarWindow®.
What's our secret to outperforming rooftop solar by 50-fold?
Works in natural, shaded, low light, and even indoor light.
SolarWindow® products can be applied to all four sides of tall towers, generating electricity using natural, shaded low light, and even artificial light. Conventional crystalline solar cells simply do not work in shaded areas or perform under artificial light and can only be mounted on very limited rooftop space of a tall tower.
The result? SolarWindow® can outperform today’s solar by as much as 50-fold when modeled for a 50 story building, according to independently validated power production calculations.
What's Our Secret?
Look up along the sides of any of todayʼs tall towers or skyscrapers and youʼll see glass, lots of glass.
Our secret is the application of LiquidElectricity® coatings to the many acres of window glass on a tall tower, turning an entire building into a source of clean, renewable energy.
Conventional solar systems cannot be applied to the facade or in place of windows of a building without blocking your vision from inside the building. The small rooftop area that is available for conventional solar PV is often crowded with service systems such as heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and elevators. These spaces are also expected to offer tenant-amenities such as rooftop gardens and pools, and other large-footprint features that prohibit conventional solar PV installations.
Traditional solar also performs poorly under indirect sunlight. SolarWindow® applications on all sides of a tower becomes a clean power-generator, an advantage over conventional solar PV.
Importantly, our engineers have designed and tested SolarWindow® to generate electricity from artificial light such as the fluorescent systems found inside offices, schools, and commercial buildings. Todayʼs conventional crystalline or thin-film solar PV systems do not perform well indoors or under artificial light.